Despite variations in style, a Hindu temple typically includes these fundamental parts:
- Garbhagriha (Sanctum Sanctorum): This is the innermost, windowless chamber, literally the "womb-house," where the main deity's idol (murti) is enshrined. It is the most sacred part of the temple.
- Mandapa (Entrance Hall): A portico or hall that leads to the garbhagriha. It is a space for worshippers to assemble for prayers, chants, and rituals. Larger temples may have multiple mandapas for different purposes.
- Shikhara / Vimana (Spire): A mountain-like tower built directly over the garbhagriha. It is called a shikhara in North India and a vimana in South India.
- Vahana (Mount): An image or statue of the deity's vehicle (vahana) is typically placed axially before the sanctum, in line with the main icon.
- Other features: Larger temple complexes may include a circumambulatory passage (pradakshina patha) around the garbhagriha, monumental gateways (gopurams), and sacred water tanks.
Major styles of Hindu temple architectureNagara style (North India)Prevalent across North India, Nagara architecture is characterized by its curving tower and construction on a raised stone platform.
- Raised platform: Nagara temples are typically built on a high platform (jagati) accessed by steps.
- Curvilinear shikhara: The spire of a Nagara temple curves inwards as it ascends, creating a beehive-shaped or conical profile. The tallest shikhara is always located directly over the garbhagriha.
- No compound walls: Unlike Dravida temples, Nagara temples typically do not feature large, elaborate boundary walls or gateways.
- Subdivisions: Nagara temples have several sub-styles based on the shape of the shikhara.
- Latina (Rekha-Prasad): The most common type, with a simple, slightly curving tower.
- Phamsana: Features a shorter, broader, pyramidal tower composed of multiple slabs.
- Sekhari: Consists of a main Latina shikhara with multiple rows of smaller, attached steeples.
Example: The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple in Khajuraho is a classic example of the Nagara style. Dravida style (South India)Dominant in Southern India, Dravida architecture is defined by its enclosed compounds and pyramid-like tower.
- Compound walls: Dravida temples are enclosed within a compound wall (prakara) that surrounds the main shrine.
- Pyramidal vimana: The tower (vimana) above the sanctum is shaped like a stepped pyramid, with multiple storeys that become progressively smaller.
- Elaborate gopurams: Large temple complexes feature tall, ornate gateway towers (gopurams) that often overshadow the central vimana. They serve as important landmarks.
- Water reservoirs: A temple tank or reservoir is commonly found within the complex.